Annotated Bibliography
Primary
"Polygraph," Afri-Pulse , http://www.afri-pulse.co.za/images/poly3.jpg (accessed January 18, 2010).
Polygraphs are made from different designs, one of which is shown in this photo. In addition, the company Afri-Pulse was established in 1994 (its name later changed), and the original founding member now serves as the primary polygraph examiner. This picture helps the viewer get a better understanding of polygraphs.
"Leonarde Keeler ," Ken Alder, http://www.kenalder.com/liedetectors/portrait.htm (accessed January 17, 2010).
Leonarde Keeler was named after Leonardo Da Vinci. Leonarde Keeler preferred to be called Nardy. He was a Berkeley high school student at the time of Larson’s invention. This image helps one understand how Leonarde Keeler looked.
"Keeler Polygraph," 1923, Ken Alder, http://www.kenalder.com/liedetectors/machines.htm (accessed January 18,
2010).
Keeler created this polygraph in 1923. Keeler continued to experiment with designs while an undergraduate at Stanford University. This picture helps the viewer understand one of his many designs.
"John Larson," April 24, 1921, Ken Alder, http://www.kenalder.com/liedetectors/portrait.htm (accessed January 17,
2010).
John Larson was one of the first to invent the polygraph. He went to the University of California in Berkeley. This image shows viewers Larson's physical appearance.
"William Moulton Marston," Ken Alder, http://www.kenalder.com/liedetectors/portrait.htm (accessed January 17,
2010).
William Moulton Marston was a disciple of Harvard psychologist Munsterberg from 1893 to 1947. He could sort truth-tellers from liars nearly 100 percent of the time in his classes. This image helps one understand the appearance of Marston, who is best known for creating Wonder Woman.
"August Vollmer," Ken Alder, http://www.kenalder.com/liedetectors/portrait.htm (accessed January 17, 2010).
August Vollmer was chief of the Berkeley Police Department from 1906 to 1955. He tried interrogations with more scientific and lawful techniques. This image give viewers an accurate portrait of Vollmer.
Anthony. "Lie Detector Test," cartoon, Plead the First, http://pleadthefirst.com/2006/05/01/cartoon-lie-detector-test/ (accessed March 31, 2010).
This political cartoon was made May 1st, 2006 by Anthony. The unique artwork was made for a significant event that happened in Greensboro City with Council Members. It helps the viewer understand that cartoons are also made after real life situations.
"Polygraph," Argo-A Security, http://www.argo-a.com.ua/eng/images/history.gif (accessed January 18, 2010)
Polygraphs have different designs. They are made differently than others. This picture helps the viewer understand how older polygraphs look like.
“Association of British Investigators” British Polygraph 2009, www.theabi.org.uk/press/p0307.htm (11-2-09)
Polygraphs from England look extremely modern because they include a laptop. Much more advanced than when it was first developed, now results show on the screen instead of on a printed paper. This picture helps people understand how technology has changed and what equipment is used now.
"Analog Polygraph Machine," Canadian Security Intelligence Service. http://www.csisscrs.gc.ca/hstrrtfcts/rtfcts/
trdrtfcts013-eng.asp (accessed November 1, 2009).
This is a photo of an analog polygraph machine, used in the 1970s until 1994 when computerized or digitalized polygraph machines were developed. The photo is a primary source, and shows the development of the polygraph since their invention in the 1920s.
Boffey, Philip M. "Lie Detectors: Questions Anew on their Accuracy." New York Times, May 30, 1983.
This newspaper story is a valuable primary source, because it explains the controversy surrounding the polygraph. It not only provides a brief history of its use in the United States, but also fully presents both sides of the argument concerning its accuracy. It contains reliable quotes from Pentagon officials, and provides people with an idea of the government's attitude towards the polygraph over half a century after it was invented.
"A Crowd of People," Careers Services, http://www.careers.govt.nz/image/data/teresia_pic10.jpg (accessed March 31, 2010).
The picture is a picture of a crowd gathered around the Capital. The people are protesting for a specific cause. This picture helps us display it on our website to show a big crowd.
"Electric Lie Detector," cartoon, Carnegie Mellon, School of Computer Science, http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/E- Meter/lie-detector1.jpg (accessed March 31, 2010).
This political cartoon shows the viewer a different and unique way to look at the polygraph through a less serious direction. This picture also shows a condensed version of the polygraph. It helps the viewer gain the perspective of how political cartoons of polygraph were given in newspapers in the 1900’s.
Cohen, Laurie P. "Is Laurie Lying?" Wall Street Journal, March 22, 2008. http://online.wsj.com /public/resources/
documents/info-flash08.html? project=POLYGRAPH0802 (accessed October 11, 2009).
"Is Laurie Lying?" shows a Wall Street Journal reporter who undergoes a mock polygraph test to see if it works. She hid a picture of her son in a room and the person administering the polygraph test asked her if it was in various places. She answered no every time, but her heartbeat quickened when she answered no to the place where she hid the picture. This is a good primary source, and is a great example of the accuracy of the polygraph test.
EPPA “The Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988”, http://www.dol.gov/compliance/laws/comp-eppa.htm
(10-10-09)
The EPPA generally prevents employers from using lie detector test, either for pre-employment screening or during the course of employment, with certain exemptions. Employers generally may not require or request any employee or job applicant to take a lie detector test, or discharge, discipline, or discriminate against an employee or job applicant for refusing to take a test or for exercising other rights under the Act. This document shows the controversy of using the polygraph test on employees’ and whether it should use for employment.
Fienberg, Stephen E. "Political Cartoons of Polygraphs," cartoon, Carnegie Mellon University, the Department of
Statistics, http://www.stat.cmu.edu/~fienberg/Polygraph_News/SpyEditorialCartoon-3-5-01.jpg (accessed March
31, 2010).
The following political cartoon was last modified October 22 2002 at 10:31. This political cartoon shows both the person asking the questions and the person being asked the questions. The political cartoon helps the viewer picture the polygraph and how it is administered in an interesting and novel manner.
"A Modern Polygraph," Freezone Earth, http://www.freezoneearth.org/allmeters/scrapbook/liedetectordigital.jpg (accessed January 18, 2010).
Modern polygraphs have newer and improved equipment. Modern polygraphs are more accurate than older polygraphs. This picture helps the viewer understand how a modern polygraph looks.
"A Polygraph Examination," Global Nerdy, http://www.globalnerdy.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/ polygraph.jpg (accessed January 18, 2010).
This polygraph examination was made to understand the person taking the test. The polygraph they use in the picture was a polygraph from the late 1920s. This picture helps the viewer understand polygraphs.
Grosz, Chris. "I've Invented a New Type of Lie Detector," cartoon, Cartoon Stock, http://www.cartoonstock.com/ directory/l/lie_detector.asp (accessed March 31, 2010)
This political cartoon was made by Chris Grosz. This is a modern political cartoon of a polygraph. The detailed drawing helps the viewer understand the difference between how a polygraph was modern cartoon versus an older cartoon
"A Newer Model Polygraph," Gulf Coast Detective Agency, http://www.naplesfloridainvestigator.com/images /polygraph4.jpg (accessed January 18, 2010).
Newer polygraphs are better because they are more efficient. They can also be more reliable than older models of polygraphs. This picture helps the viewer understand how a newer polygraph looks.
Kes, "'Now, How Big Was That Fish Again?,'" cartoon, Cartoon Stock, http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/l/ lie_detector.asp (accessed March 31, 2010).
This political cartoon is a modern cartoon that shows a fisher man who is lying. This picture also shows that there are polygraph offices in some states. This political cartoon is in color, which helps the viewer tune in and gets a better mental picture.
Molotsky, Irvin. "Senate Votes for Limits on Polygraph Testing." New York Times, March 4, 1988.
This article discusses some of the limits that the US Senate has put on polygraph testing and is an accurate primary source, because it was written the day after the bill was approved. The article proves the political impact of the lie detector.
New York Times, "Bailey Says He Halted Polygraph Test of Simpson," June 5, 2000.
This article discusses some of the reasons behind the Simpson murder case and his lawyer Bailey's refusal to allow polygraph testing of Simpson. Simpson himself has already said he killed his wife and her friend, but without the polygraph results, he wasn't convicted. Bailey stated that Simpson had begun to take a polygraph test, but Bailey halted the test because the test was being given to Simpson at an emotional time and therefore the results were not looking good. This is an excellent primary source, because it shows the social impact of the polygraph.
New York Times, "Use of Polygraph in Hiring is Curbed by U.S." December 28, 1988.
The question of whether or not polygraphs should be used for background checks in hiring has always been a topic of debate in US law. This article shows how the polygraph has been used to provide opportunities for employers to hire credible people, and how it has now given more people the chance to get away with their despicable past. It is an excellent primary source that provides evidence of the impact that the polygraph has made on people's lives.
Pritchett, John. "Drug Tests For Teachers, Polygraph Tests For Politicians," cartoon, Pritchett Cartoons, http://www.pritchettcartoons.com/polygraph.htm (accessed March 31, 2010).
This political cartoon was on the Honolulu Weekly on December 13th, 2006. It helps the viewer understand the change of attitude in newer cartoons concerning the polygraph in comparison to older cartoons.
"Handing Money," Safety Gumbo, http://www.safetygumbo.com/images/safetygumbo_handing_money.bmp (accessed March 31, 2010).
The picture is a picture of a person handing many 20-dollar bills down to another person. The money is symbolizing the economy. This picture helps us display it on our website to let it symbolize the economy.
Stan, Eales. "Lie Detector Cartoon," cartoon, Cartoon Stock, http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/l/lie_detector.asp (accessed March 31, 2010).
This political cartoon is a more modern cartoon. In addition, Eales Stan made this political cartoon. This political cartoon helps the viewer understand the difference between a modern and an older version cartoon.
"Indiana Polygraph” United States Polygraph 2009, www.in.gov/isp/images/ (11-2-09)
Polygraphs from 1950s in Indiana shows what technology they had back then and what we have now. In 1936, they had to copy the lines instead of using a screen like modern days. This picture helps one relate how the polygraph looked and major changes it has gone through to become the polygraph we know now.
"Unemployment Office," Women's Health Specialists, http://www.womenshealthfremont.com/newsdesk/news/wp- content/uploads/2009/01/unemployment-office.jpg (accessed March 31, 2010).
The picture shows a door that says unemployment office. The door can symbolize opportunities. This picture symbolizes the many helpful job positions that the polygraph has brought to this country, in the form of manufacturing, distribution, and executive.
Secondary
Aftergood, Steven. Polygraph Testing and the DEO National Laboratories. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full /290/5493/939 (accessed January 16, 2010).
This is a informative essay on the different arguments about the polygraph test, its origins, and could present our group with a very resourceful view point. It was written in the view point that theoretically the polygraph test works experimentally turns up different results.
Galdos, Susan. "Written all over your face." New Scientist, March 15, 2005, 38-41.
This article describes the evolution of polygraphs, from its early beginning in ancient China to the newest breed of polygraph tests developed in Washington D.C. Galdos participated in several mock crimes and used the polygraph test to see if it works. This is a great real-life example of how well the polygraph works.
Global Polygraph Network. http://polytest.org (accessed November 4, 2009).
This website shows many real life uses of the polygraph test including in fishing tournaments and larceny. It provides basic information about the polygraph test such as how long it lasts and how to schedule a test. It is a great secondary source that shows how the polygraph test is applied to real life.
Goodman, Walter. "Lie Detectors Don't Lie, But--." New York Times, January 24, 1965.
In this article, Goodman discussed the use of the polygraph since its birth in the 1920s. He mentioned that after forty years of existence, the polygraph is still being perfected and explained exactly how it works. This informative source is reliable for seeing how people viewed the polygraph in the 1960s. Hamilton, Anna, Tim
Tim Padgett, Jeffrey Ressner, and David E. Thigpen. "Banning the Bad Guys." Time, September 5, 2005, 72-73.
This article from Time magazine reviews some of the measures that are being put in place to prevent sex offenders from committing crimes. Among the measures include using polygraph testing to monitor whether an offender is lying about his or her activities. It proves that polygraphs are very useful sources in preventing and deterring crime.
Kantor, Andrew. Polygraph Test. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columist/andrewkantor /2004-04-08-kantorx.
htm (accessed January 16, 2010).
This article is written from the point of view of the writer, Andrew Kantor, from USA Today. It points out that many key factors such as stress or surprise can affect the result of a polygraph test and his article is interesting and could present a useful argument on the con side.
Kleiner, Murray, ed. Handbook of Polygraph Testing. Academic press, 2001. http://www.amazon.com/Handbook- Polygraph-Testing-MurrayKleiner/dp/0124137407/ref= sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1257383638&sr=8- 1(accessed November 4, 2009 ).
The book is about polygraph testing and provides in-depth information about the entire concept and use. It will be a good source of reliable knowledge on the subject. It is very detailed and reliable; Kleiner, the author, is an expert on polygraph testing.
Lie Detection “Indiana State Police” 2009, www.in.gov/isp/2628.htm (11-2-09)
By 1937, Indiana started to use the polygraph to solve crimes but it was often used to eliminate possible suspects, it was an investigative tool available to assist with internal or administrative investigations, and was used as part of the selection process in hiring new troopers. This document helps one understand how the polygraph was used back then in the state of Indiana.
Matte, James Allan. Forensic Psychophysiology Using the Polygraph: Scientific Truth Verification, Lie Detection.
Williamsville, New York: J.A.M Publications, 1996.
This book by James A. Matte provides in-depth information about polygraph procedure and validity. It is a comprehensive and informative guide that includes thoroughly researched case studies, and provides information about both sides of the argument on whether polygraphs are valid.
McLaughlin, Sabrina. "Liar, Liar!" Current Science, December 5, 2003, 10-11.
This article traces the history of polygraph testing to the early 1920’s when Harvard graduate student Marston invented it. It also states some basic information about the polygraph test, such as how it is used and different components of the machine. This article is very helpful, because it explains how the polygraph works and can be used to persuade people of its effectiveness.
Mahoney, Matt. "The Webs We Weave." Technology Review, May-June 2009, 88.
This article analyzes the accuracy of the polygraph test and includes the thoughts of experts such as CIA leaders on the use of lie detectors. It gives useful quotes and introduces people to the side of the polygraph test that is not so perfect.
Patterson, Travis B. Lie Detection via the Polygraph. South Lake Tahoe: Marmaduke Press, 1973.
This book describes the way in which the polygraph conducts lie detection tests. It explores the accuracy of the polygraph test and how it can be used in society to provide background checks to employers and to deter crime overall. It will be very helpful in providing accurate information and extra details about the polygraph test.
"Polygraph Test” 2003, http:/epic.org/privacy/polygraph (10-25-09)
One is protected by the EPPA, which build laws that protect us from the polygraph. An example is an employer cannot fire an employee for refusing to take a polygraph test. In addition, the reliability of polygraph test were found that polygraph testing is unscientific, because it lacks fixed standards. This document tells me the polygraph laws and different viewpoints concerning the polygraph.
"Polygraph Testing," UK Lie Test, polygraphs.co.uk/polygraph-testing.html (accessed January 17, 2010).
This is a picture of a man being tested with a polygraph test in the blurry background of a graph of heart activity in the front. It was used as a good example of a polygraph testing.
Royer Ramirez, "Polygraphs," January 18, 2010, YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=SZeUhRMSqX0
(accessed January 18, 2010).
Royer Ramirez’s video shows several pictures of polygraph. The pictures are from polygraphs from the 1920’s to present time. This video helps one understand how polygraphs look from previous year and modern polygraphs.
Rivera Investigation inc. "D. Rivera Investigation Inc." Services. www.driverainvestigations.com/services.html
(accessed November 4, 2009).
The website is for a law firm in New York which offers as one of its investigative services the polygraph examination. They are on the pro side of the argument that the polygraph is an indispensable tool.
Sullivan, John F. Gatekeeper: Memoirs of a CIA Polygraph Examiner. N.p.: Potomac books Inc., 2007.
Written by an actual polygraph examiner it dives into the adventures and results of his over 30 years in the profession. It was probably one of the most valuable sources yet. This book included quotes that were used on the impact paragraphs on this website.
U.S. Department of Justice. Use of the Polygraph Examinations in The Department of Justice, by Evaluation and Inspections division. Report 1-2006-008.
Washington , DC, September 2006. http://ftp.fas.org/sgp/othergov/polygraph/dojpoly.pdf (accessed November 4, 2009).
A report from the U.S. department of justice explaining the use of a polygraph test in the department. In the document they "examined the polygraph programs in the department and its components". It is a report which accurately and efficiently shows the real word application for the invention of the lie detector.
"Polygraph," Afri-Pulse , http://www.afri-pulse.co.za/images/poly3.jpg (accessed January 18, 2010).
Polygraphs are made from different designs, one of which is shown in this photo. In addition, the company Afri-Pulse was established in 1994 (its name later changed), and the original founding member now serves as the primary polygraph examiner. This picture helps the viewer get a better understanding of polygraphs.
"Leonarde Keeler ," Ken Alder, http://www.kenalder.com/liedetectors/portrait.htm (accessed January 17, 2010).
Leonarde Keeler was named after Leonardo Da Vinci. Leonarde Keeler preferred to be called Nardy. He was a Berkeley high school student at the time of Larson’s invention. This image helps one understand how Leonarde Keeler looked.
"Keeler Polygraph," 1923, Ken Alder, http://www.kenalder.com/liedetectors/machines.htm (accessed January 18,
2010).
Keeler created this polygraph in 1923. Keeler continued to experiment with designs while an undergraduate at Stanford University. This picture helps the viewer understand one of his many designs.
"John Larson," April 24, 1921, Ken Alder, http://www.kenalder.com/liedetectors/portrait.htm (accessed January 17,
2010).
John Larson was one of the first to invent the polygraph. He went to the University of California in Berkeley. This image shows viewers Larson's physical appearance.
"William Moulton Marston," Ken Alder, http://www.kenalder.com/liedetectors/portrait.htm (accessed January 17,
2010).
William Moulton Marston was a disciple of Harvard psychologist Munsterberg from 1893 to 1947. He could sort truth-tellers from liars nearly 100 percent of the time in his classes. This image helps one understand the appearance of Marston, who is best known for creating Wonder Woman.
"August Vollmer," Ken Alder, http://www.kenalder.com/liedetectors/portrait.htm (accessed January 17, 2010).
August Vollmer was chief of the Berkeley Police Department from 1906 to 1955. He tried interrogations with more scientific and lawful techniques. This image give viewers an accurate portrait of Vollmer.
Anthony. "Lie Detector Test," cartoon, Plead the First, http://pleadthefirst.com/2006/05/01/cartoon-lie-detector-test/ (accessed March 31, 2010).
This political cartoon was made May 1st, 2006 by Anthony. The unique artwork was made for a significant event that happened in Greensboro City with Council Members. It helps the viewer understand that cartoons are also made after real life situations.
"Polygraph," Argo-A Security, http://www.argo-a.com.ua/eng/images/history.gif (accessed January 18, 2010)
Polygraphs have different designs. They are made differently than others. This picture helps the viewer understand how older polygraphs look like.
Polygraphs from England look extremely modern because they include a laptop. Much more advanced than when it was first developed, now results show on the screen instead of on a printed paper. This picture helps people understand how technology has changed and what equipment is used now.
This is a photo of an analog polygraph machine, used in the 1970s until 1994 when computerized or digitalized polygraph machines were developed. The photo is a primary source, and shows the development of the polygraph since their invention in the 1920s.
Boffey, Philip M. "Lie Detectors: Questions Anew on their Accuracy." New York Times, May 30, 1983.
This newspaper story is a valuable primary source, because it explains the controversy surrounding the polygraph. It not only provides a brief history of its use in the United States, but also fully presents both sides of the argument concerning its accuracy. It contains reliable quotes from Pentagon officials, and provides people with an idea of the government's attitude towards the polygraph over half a century after it was invented.
"Electric Lie Detector," cartoon, Carnegie Mellon, School of Computer Science, http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/E- Meter/lie-detector1.jpg (accessed March 31, 2010).
This political cartoon shows the viewer a different and unique way to look at the polygraph through a less serious direction. This picture also shows a condensed version of the polygraph. It helps the viewer gain the perspective of how political cartoons of polygraph were given in newspapers in the 1900’s.
documents/info-flash08.html?
"Is Laurie Lying?" shows a Wall Street Journal reporter who undergoes a mock polygraph test to see if it works. She hid a picture of her son in a room and the person administering the polygraph test asked her if it was in various places. She answered no every time, but her heartbeat quickened when she answered no to the place where she hid the picture. This is a good primary source, and is a great example of the accuracy of the polygraph test.
EPPA “The Employee Polygraph Protection Act of 1988”, http://www.dol.gov/compliance/laws/comp-eppa.htm
(10-10-09)
The EPPA generally prevents employers from using lie detector test, either for pre-employment screening or during the course of employment, with certain exemptions. Employers generally may not require or request any employee or job applicant to take a lie detector test, or discharge, discipline, or discriminate against an employee or job applicant for refusing to take a test or for exercising other rights under the Act. This document shows the controversy of using the polygraph test on employees’ and whether it should use for employment.
Fienberg, Stephen E. "Political Cartoons of Polygraphs," cartoon, Carnegie Mellon University, the Department of
Statistics, http://www.stat.cmu.edu/~fienberg/Polygraph_News/SpyEditorialCartoon-3-5-01.jpg (accessed March
31, 2010).
The following political cartoon was last modified October 22 2002 at 10:31. This political cartoon shows both the person asking the questions and the person being asked the questions. The political cartoon helps the viewer picture the polygraph and how it is administered in an interesting and novel manner.
Modern polygraphs have newer and improved equipment. Modern polygraphs are more accurate than older polygraphs. This picture helps the viewer understand how a modern polygraph looks.
"A Polygraph Examination," Global Nerdy, http://www.globalnerdy.com/wordpress/wp-content/
Grosz, Chris. "I've Invented a New Type of Lie Detector," cartoon, Cartoon Stock, http://www.cartoonstock.com/ directory/l/lie_detector.asp (accessed March 31, 2010)
This political cartoon was made by Chris Grosz. This is a modern political cartoon of a polygraph. The detailed drawing helps the viewer understand the difference between how a polygraph was modern cartoon versus an older cartoon
"A Newer Model Polygraph," Gulf Coast Detective Agency, http://www.naplesfloridainvestigator.com/images /polygraph4.jpg (accessed January 18, 2010).
Newer polygraphs are better because they are more efficient. They can also be more reliable than older models of polygraphs. This picture helps the viewer understand how a newer polygraph looks.
Kes, "'Now, How Big Was That Fish Again?,'" cartoon, Cartoon Stock, http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/l/ lie_detector.asp (accessed March 31, 2010).
This political cartoon is a modern cartoon that shows a fisher man who is lying. This picture also shows that there are polygraph offices in some states. This political cartoon is in color, which helps the viewer tune in and gets a better mental picture.
Molotsky, Irvin. "Senate Votes for Limits on Polygraph Testing." New York Times, March 4, 1988.
New York Times, "Use of Polygraph in Hiring is Curbed by U.S." December 28, 1988.
Pritchett, John. "Drug Tests For Teachers, Polygraph Tests For Politicians," cartoon, Pritchett Cartoons, http://www.pritchettcartoons.com/polygraph.htm (accessed March 31, 2010).
"Handing Money," Safety Gumbo, http://www.safetygumbo.com/images/safetygumbo_handing_money.bmp (accessed March 31, 2010).
The picture is a picture of a person handing many 20-dollar bills down to another person. The money is symbolizing the economy. This picture helps us display it on our website to let it symbolize the economy.
This political cartoon is a more modern cartoon. In addition, Eales Stan made this political cartoon. This political cartoon helps the viewer understand the difference between a modern and an older version cartoon.
"Indiana Polygraph” United States Polygraph 2009, www.in.gov/isp/images/ (11-2-09)
The picture shows a door that says unemployment office. The door can symbolize opportunities. This picture symbolizes the many helpful job positions that the polygraph has brought to this country, in the form of manufacturing, distribution, and executive.
Secondary
Galdos, Susan. "Written all over your face." New Scientist, March 15, 2005, 38-41.
This article describes the evolution of polygraphs, from its early beginning in ancient China to the newest breed of polygraph tests developed in Washington D.C. Galdos participated in several mock crimes and used the polygraph test to see if it works. This is a great real-life example of how well the polygraph works.
Global Polygraph Network. http://polytest.org (accessed November 4, 2009).
This website shows many real life uses of the polygraph test including in fishing tournaments and larceny. It provides basic information about the polygraph test such as how long it lasts and how to schedule a test. It is a great secondary source that shows how the polygraph test is applied to real life.
Goodman, Walter. "Lie Detectors Don't Lie, But--." New York Times, January 24, 1965.
In this article, Goodman discussed the use of the polygraph since its birth in the 1920s. He mentioned that after forty years of existence, the polygraph is still being perfected and explained exactly how it works. This informative source is reliable for seeing how people viewed the polygraph in the 1960s. Hamilton, Anna, Tim
Tim Padgett, Jeffrey Ressner, and David E. Thigpen. "Banning the Bad Guys." Time, September 5, 2005, 72-73.
This article from Time magazine reviews some of the measures that are being put in place to prevent sex offenders from committing crimes. Among the measures include using polygraph testing to monitor whether an offender is lying about his or her activities. It proves that polygraphs are very useful sources in preventing and deterring crime.
Kantor, Andrew. Polygraph Test. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columist/andrewkantor /2004-04-08-kantorx.
htm (accessed January 16, 2010).
This article is written from the point of view of the writer, Andrew Kantor, from USA Today. It points out that many key factors such as stress or surprise can affect the result of a polygraph test and his article is interesting and could present a useful argument on the con side.
Kleiner, Murray, ed. Handbook of Polygraph Testing. Academic press, 2001. http://www.amazon.com/Handbook- Polygraph-Testing-MurrayKleiner/dp/0124137407/ref= sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1257383638&sr=8- 1(accessed November 4, 2009 ).
The book is about polygraph testing and provides in-depth information about the entire concept and use. It will be a good source of reliable knowledge on the subject. It is very detailed and reliable; Kleiner, the author, is an expert on polygraph testing.
Lie Detection “Indiana State Police” 2009, www.in.gov/isp/2628.htm (11-2-09)
By 1937, Indiana started to use the polygraph to solve crimes but it was often used to eliminate possible suspects, it was an investigative tool available to assist with internal or administrative investigations, and was used as part of the selection process in hiring new troopers. This document helps one understand how the polygraph was used back then in the state of Indiana.
Matte, James Allan. Forensic Psychophysiology Using the Polygraph: Scientific Truth Verification, Lie Detection.
Williamsville, New York: J.A.M Publications, 1996.
This book by James A. Matte provides in-depth information about polygraph procedure and validity. It is a comprehensive and informative guide that includes thoroughly researched case studies, and provides information about both sides of the argument on whether polygraphs are valid.
McLaughlin, Sabrina. "Liar, Liar!" Current Science, December 5, 2003, 10-11.
This article traces the history of polygraph testing to the early 1920’s when Harvard graduate student Marston invented it. It also states some basic information about the polygraph test, such as how it is used and different components of the machine. This article is very helpful, because it explains how the polygraph works and can be used to persuade people of its effectiveness.
Mahoney, Matt. "The Webs We Weave." Technology Review, May-June 2009, 88.
This article analyzes the accuracy of the polygraph test and includes the thoughts of experts such as CIA leaders on the use of lie detectors. It gives useful quotes and introduces people to the side of the polygraph test that is not so perfect.
Patterson, Travis B. Lie Detection via the Polygraph. South Lake Tahoe: Marmaduke Press, 1973.
This book describes the way in which the polygraph conducts lie detection tests. It explores the accuracy of the polygraph test and how it can be used in society to provide background checks to employers and to deter crime overall. It will be very helpful in providing accurate information and extra details about the polygraph test.
"Polygraph Test” 2003, http:/epic.org/privacy/polygraph (10-25-09)
One is protected by the EPPA, which build laws that protect us from the polygraph. An example is an employer cannot fire an employee for refusing to take a polygraph test. In addition, the reliability of polygraph test were found that polygraph testing is unscientific, because it lacks fixed standards. This document tells me the polygraph laws and different viewpoints concerning the polygraph.
"Polygraph Testing," UK Lie Test, polygraphs.co.uk/polygraph-testing.html (accessed January 17, 2010).
This is a picture of a man being tested with a polygraph test in the blurry background of a graph of heart activity in the front. It was used as a good example of a polygraph testing.
Royer Ramirez, "Polygraphs," January 18, 2010, YouTube, http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=SZeUhRMSqX0
(accessed January 18, 2010).
Royer Ramirez’s video shows several pictures of polygraph. The pictures are from polygraphs from the 1920’s to present time. This video helps one understand how polygraphs look from previous year and modern polygraphs.
Rivera Investigation inc. "D. Rivera Investigation Inc." Services. www.driverainvestigations.com/services.html
(accessed November 4, 2009).
The website is for a law firm in New York which offers as one of its investigative services the polygraph examination. They are on the pro side of the argument that the polygraph is an indispensable tool.
Sullivan, John F. Gatekeeper: Memoirs of a CIA Polygraph Examiner. N.p.: Potomac books Inc., 2007.
Written by an actual polygraph examiner it dives into the adventures and results of his over 30 years in the profession. It was probably one of the most valuable sources yet. This book included quotes that were used on the impact paragraphs on this website.
U.S. Department of Justice. Use of the Polygraph Examinations in The Department of Justice, by Evaluation and Inspections division. Report 1-2006-008.
Washington , DC, September 2006. http://ftp.fas.org/sgp/othergov/polygraph/dojpoly.pdf (accessed November 4, 2009).
A report from the U.S. department of justice explaining the use of a polygraph test in the department. In the document they "examined the polygraph programs in the department and its components". It is a report which accurately and efficiently shows the real word application for the invention of the lie detector.